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[General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning]

We have two standard forms of treatment for depression: antidepressant medication and psychological therapy. But over the last 30 years these treatments have not reduced either the prevalence of, or the disability caused by, depression: it is likely to remain a significant and largely intractable mental health problem. There are three key issues here: access, compliance and relapse. Access to treatment tends to be restricted to the minority of people who live in urban areas of wealthy countries. But even those who have access to care do not always comply with treatment recommendations – for many understandable reasons. To compound all this, high numbers of people who respond well to treatment later relapse: this is one of the reasons why depression remains so widespread. Which one of the following best expresses the main conclusion of the above argument?

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Depression is likely to remain a significant and largely intractable mental health problem.

Over the past 30 years, treatments have not reduced the prevalence of or disability caused by depression.

One of the reasons why depression remains so widespread is the high rate of relapse.

Access, compliance and relapse are the three key issues in the treatment of depression.

Access to treatment for depression tends to be restricted to people in urban areas of wealthy countries.

[General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning]

In many countries of the world, religious and political institutions have been the main providers of mass education for children. Their motivation for founding schools has, of course, been to promote their own ideologies and recruit followers. But children at school are vulnerable and impressionable, and therefore need to be protected from having ideologies imposed upon them. Education is fundamentally incompatible with indoctrination and the promotion of particular worldviews. So the education provided in schools should be based on scientific atheism rather than religion or politics. Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?

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Scientific atheism is not an ideology.

Some governments cannot afford to fund universal education.

The aim of education is to offer a vision of life.

Many adults reject the beliefs they were taught at school.

[General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning]

What is the secret of success? The question is as old as philosophy itself. The Greeks argued that it boiled down to the possession and exercise of certain character traits, such as generosity and bravery. But new research emerging from social psychology suggests you have to be selfconfident to be successful. The study, involving over 200 successful people from all walks of life, comprised detailed interviews and the observation of mental and physical problem solving. The research found that all of the participants had a strong belief in their own abilities and persevered in the face of challenges because they thought they could do it. If you want to be successful, then, you must have faith in your own abilities. Which one of the following is the best statement of the flaw in the above argument?

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It assumes that self-confidence is responsible for success, and not vice versa.

It relies on different senses of the expression ‘self-confidence’.

It ignores the significance of other factors, such as luck.

It assumes that everyone can become self-confident.

It justifies a claim on the basis of how things were in the past.

The presence of a mind requires the presence of self-consciousness. Machines do not have self-consciousness, therefore machines do not have minds. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the above argument?

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To count as an emotion, a mental state needs to have representational content. Depression does not have representational content, therefore depression is not an emotion.

The morally best option is that which maximises benefit. Larger charities are able to provide the most benefit from donations, therefore it is morally best to choose larger charities to donate to.

There is no obligation to keep promises to someone after they have died, since the virtue of keeping promises is to promote the promisee’s wellbeing, and their capacity for wellbeing ceases upon death.

Trust and reliance are not the same thing, because trust is a mental attitude, whereas reliance is not.

Only true beliefs can be knowledge. My belief that the world is spherical is true, therefore I know that the world is spherical.

6 A B C D E Individuals accept deliberate harm being done to human beings and other living creatures for a variety of reasons. Whether it is self-defence, the need to kill animals for food, or some other reason, many – if not most – people who consider themselves to have ‘good morals’ will generally agree to the intentional killing of other beings if there is adequate justification for doing so. However, one cannot justify killing without complete knowledge of what those who are killed go through. Thus, people who choose to eat meat should find out about how the animals they consume are reared and killed. Otherwise, people cannot truly accept full responsibility for their decision-making. Which one of the following best illustrates the principle used in the above argument?

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Citizens who support imposing the death penalty in some criminal cases should educate themselves about the procedures used to administer it.

A lawyer prosecuting an individual for murder should be aware of any serious difficulties in the life of the defendant in the years leading up to the crime.

Scientists who use dead animal specimens for the purpose of an experiment should be certain there are no alternative research methods available.

Farmers who need to kill crop-eating insects should find out which pesticides are the least harmful to other kinds of wildlife.

A police officer who accidentally kills someone in the line of duty should be willing to tell the victim’s family about the circumstances of the death.

[General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning]

Six sacks each consist of one kind of fruit: apples, oranges or limes. The weights of the sacks are: 8kg, 13kg, 17kg, 18kg, 22kg, 24kg The total weight of all the apples is twice the total weight of all the limes, and there is only one sack of oranges. What is the weight of the sack of oranges?

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24kg

17kg

18kg

22kg

13kg

[General Knowledge and Logical Reasoning]

There are 10 students in a class and they like visiting each other. A visit means that one student visits the home of another student. We know that each student in the class has visited the same number of students. No two students in the class have both visited each other. What is the maximum number of students that a student in this class could have visited?

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